| 月球表面主要元素的地球化学特征及遥感探测方法研究 | |
| 胥涛 | |
| 2001 | |
| Degree Grantor | 中国科学院地球化学研究所 |
| Place of Conferral | 中国科学院地球化学研究所 |
| Degree Name | 博士 |
| Degree Discipline | 地球化学 |
| Keyword | 地球化学特征 遥感探测方案 月面元素 月球探测 |
| Abstract | 从阿波罗登月到最近美国发射的克莱门汀和月球勘探者探测器，元素探测都是中心内容。这是因为弄清元素在月球表面的分布特征是研究月球形成和演化的基础和前提，此外对月球样品的研究表明月球表面某些区域富含钛、铁、氦-3、克里普岩(富钾、磷以及稀土等元素)以及其它可利用物质，例如钛在月海玄武岩中的平均含量明显高于地球玄武岩。这些物质在不久的将来可供人类开采利用。所以对月面元素分布特征的研究非常重要。美国和前苏联已经通过登月取样获得了月球化学组成方面的大量数据，但它们只考察了月球正面数目很有限的几个点，所以得到的结论具有很大的局限性。与此同时，遥感技术也开始用于月球元素探测，如地面望远镜、伽玛射线探测器等。与直接取样相比，遥感能探测面积大得多的区域，且花赞少。但当时由于技术原因，遥感探测的灵敏度以及分辨率都不够高，也只能覆盖月面的一部分。而且使用的定量模型也还显得比较粗糙，所以在月球元素探测中应用更先进更可靠的遥感技术及定量模型一直是月球元素定量研究努力的方向。本文力图在现有探测成果的基础上，提出月球表面主要元素可行的遥感探测方案。本文重点研究的元素包括氢、氧、硅、镁、铝、钙、铁、钛、钠、铬、锰、钾、钍、铀及稀土元素。对这些元素现有的遥感探测手段有可见-紫外-近红外反射光谱、伽玛探测、中子探测以及X－射线荧光探测。本文首先简介了月球的基本物理与地质特征，以及上述元素已知的赋存特征。然后分别讨论了可见-紫外近红外反射光谱、伽玛探测、中子探测以及X-射线荧光探测的基本原理、特点、可探测元素及相关定量模型的建立，并对现有主要定量方法作了分析与评价。在此基础上,通过综合分析发现元素定量的质量与可靠性与使用的探测手段及定量方法的可靠性有关。每种探测手段所依据的原理与仪器性能决定了它的探测本领与特点。上述探测手段各有所长。即使对于同一种元素，由于不同探测手段在原理上的差异，得到的结果往往有差异，所以探测时应该使用多种探测仪器。除了考虑探测手段，更重要的是要考虑定量方法(即定量模型)。各种探测仪器获得的原始探测数据要还原成元素的含量，就离不开定量模型，所以定量模型的可靠性直接决定元素定量的质量。基于上述观点，本文在最后提出了月面主要元素的最佳探测方案，并讨论了元素定量研究面临的问题与未来的发展。 |
| Other Abstract | About twenty years ago, USA sent astronauts to the moon and collected a lot of samples. Recently USA launched 'Clementine' and 'Lunar Prospector' successively to study the moon more thoroughly. In those exploration activities, it has been an important goal to map the eloment composition of lunar surface. It is because that firstly the global distribution of elements is the key to the understanding of Moon's formation and evolution; secondly analyses of lunar soil and rock samples have showed that there are some resources that can be utilized. It has been proved that there are considerable amount of Ti、Fe、~3He、Kreep(rich in K、 Ree and P)and other useful material on the moon. For example, the average Ti content of lunar mare basalt is significantly higher than that of Earth basalt. So it is very important to know detailedly the content and global distribution of those elements and material. In the 1970's, USA and the former Soviet Union have sent a series of spacecrafts to the moon and collected a lot of lunar samples, which provided us with much first-hand information about Moon' chemical composition. But it only covered several spots on the front Moon. At the same time remote sensing was used to study lunar chemistry, such as earth-based telescope and gamma ray spectrometer onboard Apollo-15, 16. Comparing to lunar sampling remote sensing can provide much more information about element distribution over much larger area but costs less. But the resolution and sensitivity is not high enough at that time, and the coverage is also limited. So it has been an important goal to acquire the global distribution of useful material using more advanced and more reliable remote-sensing technology. And for the same reason, my paper studied the methods of element detecting based on the available results of remote sensing of the moon. The elements that my paper focus on refers to H, O, Si, Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, Ti, Na, Mn, Cr, K, Th, U and Ree. And the remote-sensing instruments include UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy、gamma-ray spectrometer、neutron spectrometer and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. At first, this paper summarizes the physical and geological characteristics of the moon. Then how to detect elements by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer、gamma-ray spectrometer、 neutron spectrometer and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy are discussed detailedly, including their principle, the elements that those instnnnents can detect efficiently and the associated quantification methods. Based on the above discussion, I concluded that the quantification of elements depends on the instruments and the quantification methods. Every detecting means has its own advantanges and shortcomings. For a certain element, different instruments often lead to different results. So it's better to use two or more instruments in a mission so as to correct for each other. As to quantification methods, it can also be interpreted as quantification models. It is necssary to recover the raw signals that the instruments produce to abundances of elements. So the reliability of quantification methods influences the accuracy of element quantification directly. Considering both the characteristics of instruments and the reliability of quantification methods, the best way to detect those elements is put forward. Finally I discussed the problems that remain to be solved and the future of elements quantification. |
| Pages | 71 |
| Language | 中文 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | http://ir.gyig.ac.cn/handle/352002/3582 |
| Collection | 研究生_研究生_学位论文 |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | 胥涛. 月球表面主要元素的地球化学特征及遥感探测方法研究[D]. 中国科学院地球化学研究所. 中国科学院地球化学研究所,2001. |
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